Update (Aug 15, 2013): After a discussion on Twitter with Gavin Schmidt, I realised I did the calculation wrong. The reason is interesting: I’d confused radiative forcing with the current energy imbalance at the top of the atmosphere. A rookie mistake, but it shows that climate science can be tricky to understand, and it *really* helps to be able to talk to experts when you’re learning it… [I’ve marked the edits in green]
I’ve been meaning to do this calculation for ages, and finally had an excuse today, as I need it for the first year course I’m teaching on climate change. The question is: how much energy are we currently adding to the earth system due to all those greenhouse gases we’ve added to the atmosphere?
In the literature, the key concept is anthropogenic forcing, by which is meant the extent to which human activities are affecting the energy balance of the earth. When the Earth’s climate is stable, it’s because the planet is in radiative balance, meaning the incoming radiation from the sun and the outgoing radiation from the earth back into space are equal. A planet that’s in radiative balance will generally stay at the same (average) temperature because it’s not gaining or losing energy. If we force it out of balance, then the global average temperature will change.
Physicists express radiative forcing in watts per square meter (W/m2), meaning the number of extra watts of power that the earth is receiving, for each square meter of the earth’s surface. Figure 2.4 from the last IPCC report summarizes the various radiative forcings from different sources. The numbers show best estimates of the overall change from 1750 to 2005 (note the whiskers, which express uncertainty – some of these values are known much better than others):
If you add up the radiative forcing from greenhouse gases, you get a little over 2.5 W/m2. Of course, you also have to subtract the negative forcings from clouds and aerosols (tiny particles of pollution, such as sulpur dioxide), as these have a cooling effect because they block some of the incoming radiation from the sun. So we can look at the forcing that’s just due to greenhouse gases (about 2.5 W/m2), or we can look at the total net anthropogenic forcing that takes into account all the different effects (which is about 1.6 W/m2).
Over the period covered by the chart, 1750-2005, the earth warmed somewhat in response to this radiative forcing. The total incoming energy has increased by about +1.6W/m2, but the total outgoing energy lost to space has also risen – a warmer planet loses energy faster. The current imbalance between incoming and outgoing energy at the top of the atmosphere is therefore smaller than the total change in forcing over time. Hansen et. al. give an estimate of the energy imbalance of 0.58 ± 0.15 W/m2 for the period from 2005-2010.
The problem I have with these numbers is that they don’t mean much to most people. Some people try to explain it by asking people to imagine adding a 2 watt light bulb (the kind you get in Christmas lights) over each square meter of the planet, which is on continuously day and night. But I don’t think this really helps much, as most people (including me) do not have a good intuition for how many square meters the surface of Earth has, and anyway, we tend to think of a Christmas tree light bulb as using a trivially small amount of power. According to wikipedia, the Earth’s surface is 510 million square kilometers, which is 510 trillion square meters.
So, do the maths, that gives us a change in incoming energy of about 1,200 trillion watts (1.2 petawatts) for just the anthropogenic greenhouse gases, or about 0.8 petawatts overall when we subtract the cooling effect of changes in clouds and aerosols. But some of this extra energy is being lost back into space. From the current energy imbalance, the planet is gaining 0.3 petawatts at the moment.
But how big is a petawatt? A petawatt is 1015 watts. Wikipedia tells us that the average total global power consumption of the human world in 2010 was about 16 terawatts (1 petawatt = 1000 terawatts). So, human energy consumption is dwarfed by the extra energy currently being absorbed by the planet due to climate change: the planet is currently gaining about 18 watts of extra power for each 1 watt of power humans actually use.
Note: Before anyone complains, I’ve deliberately conflated energy and power above, because the difference doesn’t really matter for my main point. Power is work per unit of time, and is measured in watts; Energy is better expressed in joules, calories, or kilowatt hours (kWh). To be technically correct, I should say that the earth is getting about 300 terawatt hours of energy per hour due to anthropogenic climate change, and humans use about 16 terawatt hours of energy per hour. The ratio is still approximately 18.
Out of interest, you can also convert it to calories. 1kWh is about 0.8 million calories. So, we’re force-feeding the earth about 2 x 1017 (200,000,000,000,000,000) calories every hour. Yikes.
A power input of 1.2e15 W results in a nearly 50kg increase in the earth’s mass per hour. Put another way, the earth absorbs an additional 49000 Hiroshima atomic-bombings per hour.
@jonathan lung
As Elizabeth points out, I’ve forgotten high school physics…. but the second claim about 49K bombings holds if the above calculations hold. Did one of us make a mistake somewhere?
Great calculation! I advertised it over on Google+.
A small nitpick: the unit “watt” should not be capitalized, though the abbreviation is “W”.
What happens when the skies clear? Clear they will, either because we get smart and choose to replace fossil fuels or simply run out. We have made a Faustian bargain that will only get worse as time goes on. So have you calculated how much worse?
Unlike existing global warming greatest in the coldest, warming from the clearing skies will be greatest in the warmest. Look at the effects from the contrail clearing after 9/11, warmer days, colder nights and net near neutral. Could we even see a recovery in winter sea ice (Yes, it depends)?
Unfortunately it makes selling action even harder, it will cause a worse result in the short term. Winners and losers. But if we do not act just how bad will it be when the skies clear after we have used all the recoverable fossil fuels?
@Tony O’Brien : I haven’t explored this question, but others have. Take a look at the Solomon et al paper at the WCRP conference last fall – I think it’s an excellent summary of what we know about this:
http://conference2011.wcrp-climate.org/documents/Solomon.pdf
@Steve
Thanks for the link. Thought I was so clever with “Faustian bargain”, Now I know where I heard it before (James Hansen). Everytime you think an issue has not been properly considered, you find someone has thought of it before . Well of course, it is an important issue, but it does not get much discussion.
When it comes to climate forcing plus three minus one and a half W/M sq is treated the same as one and a half. But that would only be true if the pluses and minuses where equally distributed, and that would not appear to be so. Or am I wrong again?
I was very wrong about not much discussion on masking.
Good idea to compare climate change to the world energy use.
It is much better than comparing it to a light bulb. Not only because our eye works logarithmically, which makes it hard to compare the intensity of a light bulb with the sun, but also because a light bulb has a very small efficiency. To get an amount of light similar to 2W, you would need a 100 W (electrical power input) light bulb.
100 W light bulbs are now forbidden in Europe, some people try to import them anyway and call them electrical heating devices, which is a very appropriate name.
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Question about nuclear energy – isn’t it a unique source of heat that is significant? Is there a limit to the heat that could come from nuclear?
If US nuke energy was 807 billion kWh in 2010 – was called 30% of the world.. then the world generated about 1.4 trillion kWh of nuclear power in a year.
How does that get added to the watts per square meter?
Does that mean that a nuke power contributes about a third of a watt per square meter per year?
Reply to Richard Pauli: No.
Global nuclear electricity generation is about 2.5 TWh annually, which is 9e15 joules, or 3e16 joules of heat given 30% generation efficiency.
The surface area of the earth is 5e14 m^2. A year is 3e7 seconds. So 1 W/m^2, for a year, is 1.5e21 joules of heat.
So the total heat output of global nuclear reactors is 2e-5 W/m^2, i.e. 0.00002 watts per square metre. It’s just not an interesting amount.
The same sum for all human heat sources (including all fossil fuel and bio fuel use as well as nuclear) comes out at well under 0.001 watts per square metre. This is greatly exceeded by the radiative effect of anthropogenic CO2.
(the main factor you missed is that your units for nuclear energy are in watt-hours per year. One watt-hour per year is about 0.0001 watts).
@Nick Barnes Thanks so much for guiding that calculation back on course.
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I wondered how much ‘renewable’ energy we would have to harvest & direct off-planet as visible light using LEDs to counter the current global RF imbalance.
I finally read IPCC AR5 P661 (+infographic on P697) & did the same calculations as above (2011 Nett: 2.3W/m2, 2005 Nett: 1.6W/m2 )
I couldn’t believe the result, so I re-read everything, then checked the Internet.
So: many thanks all for the calculations, explanation and comparisons in this thread, a huge number it is. Looks like we’ll be retro-fitting our solar panels (& deserts) with mirrors at some point in time.